Which of the following drugs inhibits the formation of sorbitol from glucose and prevents the development of diabetes complications?A) TroglitazoneB) AcarboseC) SorbinilD) MetforminE) Gliclazide ANSWER: C Aldose Reductase Inhibitors (Tolrestat/Alrestatin/Sorbinil); 1- They inhibit the formation of sorbitol from glucose.2- In hyperglycemic conditions, sorbitol accumulates in some cells, forming part of the complications of diabetes. Since … Devamını oku
Which of the following laxative-purgatives increases intestinal motility by stimulating parasympathetic ganglia through an irritant effect on the intestinal mucosa? A) BasarinB) BisacodilC) MethylcelluloseD) SorbitolE) Bran ANSWER: B Stimulant laxative-purgatives produce an irritant effect on the intestinal mucosa. They also stimulate sensory nerve endings and parasympathetic ganglia in the intestinal wall, increasing intestinal motility. These … Devamını oku
Which of the following calcium channel blockers has the lowest cardiodepressant effect? A) VerapamilB) GallopamilC) NimodipineD) NicardipineE) Diltiazem ANSWER: D Nicardipine; Oral bioavailability is 35%. It is used orally and its effect begins in 20 minutes. Plasma half-life is 2-4 hours. It has no active metabolites. It is largely metabolized in the liver. It is … Devamını oku
Which of the following rheumatological diseases typically involves C1-2 (atlantoaxial joint) involvement? A) Systemic lupus erythematosusB) Rheumatoid ArthritisC) Behçet’s DiseaseD) Familial Mediterranean FeverE) Scleroderma ANSWER: B For rheumatoid arthritis, joint involvement theoretically involves all synovial joints. However, in practice, joints that are not involved can always be encountered. Joints not involved in RA; DIF (Distal … Devamını oku
(G) Welche der folgenden anatomischen Strukturen befindet sich in der Fossa pterygopalatina? A) Ganglion oticumB) Nervus maxillarisC) Nervus ophthalmicusD) Ganglion trigeminaleE) Nervus mandibularis ANTWORT: B Der Nervus maxillaris, der zweite Ast des Nervus trigeminus in der mittleren Schädelgrube, verlässt diese durch das Foramen rotundum und tritt in die Fossa pterygopalatina ein. Von dort verläuft er … Devamını oku
Süreç; pre-op hazırlık → vasküler erişim → portal ven ponksiyonu → trakt oluşturma → stent yerleştirme → hemodinamik optimizasyon → post-prosedür bakım şeklinde cerrahi/IR (interventional radiology) mantığıyla ilerler 1) PRE-PROSEDÜR HAZIRLIK Hasta seçimi (kritik!) Laboratuvar Görüntüleme Hazırlık 2) VASKÜLER ERİŞİM (Juguler yol) Ana giriş: Aşamalar: Kateter yolu:Juguler → V. cava superior → sağ atrium → … Devamını oku
S1+S2 and S3c segmentectomy”; Yani yapılan rezeksiyon S1+2 (apikoposterior segment) ve S3c (anterior segmentin bir subsegmenti) buna trisegmentektomi adı verilir. Sol üst lob segmentleri: Trisegmentektomi; Extended segmentectomy / tailored segmentectomy grubu ameliatlardandır. S3c nin önemi; tümör S1+2 ile S3c sınırına yakındır. Eğer sadece S1+2 çıkarılırsa Cerrahi sınır yetersiz olabilir. Bu yüzden S3c de ekleniyor.
4,5 cm çıkan aort + kalıtsal olmayan bağ dokusu bozukluğu, Cerrahi endikasyon DEĞİL Çünkü: Sporadik (non-genetik) hastalarda cerrahi eşik genellikle ≥5.5 cm dir. 4.5 cm lik aort takip edilir (operasyon değil) Semptomatik anevrizma; Mutlak cerrahi endikasyondur. Ağrı, diseksiyon riski olarak ele alınır. Boyuttan bağımsız ameliyat. Aort anevrizmasında 1 yılda %10 büyüme, Hızlı büyüme olarak tanımlanır … Devamını oku
A 40-year-old male patient presents with complaints of dizziness and palpitations. He has previously reported syncope twice. It is learned that his father, aged 46, passed away. The patient, who has no known additional diseases, has an ECG showing an RR pattern and concave ST elevations in V1-V3 derivations. Echocardiography shows an ejection fraction of … Devamını oku
Which of the following inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver and can also be used in methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning? A) TopiramateB) DisulfiramC) ZolpidemD) FomepizolE) Acamprosate Answer D Fomepizol; It is an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor. It is used more effectively than ethanol in the treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. Fomepizole is a … Devamını oku